Astronomer Caitlin Casey of The University of Texas at Austin has used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to spot the light of a massive galaxy seen just 970 million years after the Big Bang. This galaxy, called MAMBO-9, is the most distant dusty star-forming galaxy that has ever been observed without the help of a gravitational lens.
Dusty star-forming galaxies are the most intense stellar nurseries in the universe. They form stars at a rate up to a few thousand times the mass of the Sun per year (the star-forming rate of our Milky Way is just three solar masses per year) and they contain massive amounts of gas and dust. Such monster galaxies are not expected to have formed early in the history of the universe, but astronomers have already discovered several of them as seen when the cosmos was less than a billion years old (the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old today).
Because of their extreme behavior, astronomers think that these dusty galaxies play an important role in the evolution of the universe. But finding them is easier said than done. "These galaxies tend to hide in plain sight," Casey said. She is the lead author of a study on this work published in the Astrophysical Journal. "We know they are out there, but they are not easy to find because their starlight is hidden in clouds of dust."
MAMBO-9's light was already detected 10 years ago by co-author Manuel Aravena, using the Max-Planck Millimeter BOlometer (MAMBO) instrument on the IRAM 30 meter telescope in Spain and the Plateau de Bure Interferometer in France. But these observations were not sensitive enough to reveal the distance of the galaxy. "We were in doubt if it was real, because we couldn't find it with other telescopes. But if it was real, it had to be very far away," says Aravena, who was at that time a PhD student in Germany and is currently working for the Universidad Diego Portales in Chile.
Thanks to ALMA's sensitivity, Casey and her team have now been able to determine the distance of MAMBO-9. "We found the galaxy in a new ALMA survey specifically designed to identify dusty star-forming galaxies in the early universe," Casey said. "And what is special about this observation, is that this is the most distant dusty galaxy we have ever seen in an unobstructed way."
The light of distant galaxies is often obstructed by other galaxies closer to us. These galaxies in front work as a gravitational lens: they bend the light from the more distant galaxy. This lensing effect makes it easier for telescopes to spot distant objects. But it also distorts the image of the object, making it harder to make out the details.
In this study, the astronomers saw MAMBO-9 directly, without a lens, and this allowed them to measure its mass. "The total mass of gas and dust the galaxy is enormous: 10 times more than all the stars in the Milky Way. This means that it has yet to build most of its stars," Casey explained. The galaxy consists of two parts, and it is in the process of merging.
Casey hopes to find more distant dusty galaxies in the ALMA survey, which will give insight into how common they are, how these massive galaxies formed so early in the universe, and why they are so dusty. "Dust is normally a by-product of dying stars," she said. "We expect one hundred times more stars than dust. But MAMBO-9 has not produced that many stars yet and we want to find out how dust can form so fast after the Big Bang."
"Observations with new and more capable technology can produce unexpected findings like MAMBO-9," said Joe Pesce, National Science Foundation Program Officer for ALMA. "While it is challenging to explain such a massive galaxy so early in the history of the universe, discoveries like this allow astronomers to develop an improved understanding of, and ask ever more questions about, the universe."
The light from MAMBO-9 travelled about 13 billion years to reach ALMA's antennas. That means that we can see what the galaxy looked like in the past. Today, the galaxy would probably be even bigger, containing 100 times more stars than the Milky Way, residing in a massive galaxy cluster.
Reference: "Physical characterization of an unlensed dusty star-forming galaxy at z = 5.85," C.M. Casey et. al., the Astrophysical Journal. DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab52ff
Science contact:
Dr. Caitlin Casey, Assistant Professor of Astronomy
The University of Texas at Austin
512-471-3405; cmcasey@utexas.edu
Media contact:
Rebecca Johnson, Communications Mgr.
McDonald Observatory/The University of Texas at Austin
512-475-6763; rjohnson@astro.as.utexas.edu
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